Creativity is a major sustaining force for the 21st century and a long-standing
strength of the United States. Artistic services and innovation are, more than ever,
essential resources for the dynamic, knowledge-based, and increasingly global
economy. Nurtured and parlayed correctly, rich creative capital can lead to social
and economic health for communities. A compelling example is in the Los Angeles region.
Since 2007, the Otis College of Art and Design has commissioned an annual “Otis Report
on the Creative Economy Report for the Los Angeles Region” (Otis Report) from the Los
Angeles County Economic Development Corporation (LAEDC). The study documents the
wealth and jobs generated and supported by cultural and artistic goods and services and
creative industries and practitioners in the Los Angeles region. The report offers a new, more
accurate, and useful economic analysis of the creative sector to help policymakers, business
leaders, cultural leaders, artists, and entrepreneurs understand the significance of this
segment of the Los Angeles regional economy. The latest edition, the 2013 Otis Report, was
expanded to cover the entire state of California.
In the Otis Report, the creative economy is defined as the economic output of 11 creative
industries: architectural and interior design, art galleries, communication arts, digital
media, entertainment, fashion, furniture and decorative arts, product and industrial design,
publishing and printing, toys, and visual and performing arts. The report also examines the
economic effect of self-employed creative professionals, a significant force in the arts. The
final piece of the creative economy consists of the support system that nurtures and sustains
creative activity: arts programs in K–12 schools; postsecondary arts institutions to develop
talent; and philanthropic foundations, along with other nonprofit funding organizations, to
provide financial resources, incentives, and services to the creative arts. By design, the report
casts a wide net to more accurately portray the entire creative ecology, not just the arts and
nonprofit organizations. The economic effect of the creative sector includes jobs, payroll,
revenues, and state and local taxes generated as a result of related activities.
The seven editions of the Otis Report have consistently established the creative professionals
and industries as a singularly potent economic driver and jobs generator in Los
Angeles and California. The latest findings from the 2013 report are as follows:1
- California’s creative industries generated $273.5 billion in total (direct, indirect, and
induced) output.2 - The Los Angeles region’s creative economy supported one in seven wage and salary
jobs, accounting for 10.4 percent (net) of the region’s gross economic output, or $1
of every $10 produced. - The Los Angeles region’s creative industries sustained 726,300 workers who earned
$50.6 billion. - Across California, the creative sector accounted for 9.7 percent of all wage and salary
employment, and contributed 7.8 percent to California’s gross state product. That
means, on average, the creative economy accounted for one in ten payroll jobs and
$1 of every $12 generated in the state. - The creative economy is strong and pervasive across the state. Nearly 56 percent
of creative occupations are outside of the creative industries. For example, graphic
designers work in both specialized design studios and the design division of financial
firms.
Such powerful data offer hard evidence of the impact of the creative economy, and argues
for continued support and greater awareness of its role. The evidence was so convincing
that following a presentation at the California capitol of the 2013 findings, the state legislature
approved a one-time $5 million increase in general fund support for the California Arts
Council (CAC) in the 2014–2015 state budget, marking the first time in more than 10 years
that the arts have seen an increase in the state’s general fund. (Support for the CAC was
cut by 94 percent in 2003, and in the recent past, CAC received an average of $1 million in
annual general fund support from the state.)
Although the Otis Report provides headlines in dollars and cents, it tells a larger story
of the broad and critical value of artists and the creative professions in society. Further, it
addresses the multiplying social effect of the creative economy. The result is a new and
heightened understanding and integration of—and investment in—artists and creative
enterprises in social and economic policies and strategies beyond the traditional cultural
arena such as museums and concert halls.
No doubt, Los Angeles and California are striking models of the creative economy and
concentration of creative resources. Yet, creative capital abounds in many regions in the
United States and can be deployed to the benefit of both the creative and broader communities.
For optimal effect, investment in the nation’s creative capital should consider three
key aspects: place, people, and collaboration.
Invest in Place
The creative capital of a place innately showcases its distinctive cultural advantages.
Southern California provides an outstanding example. The “Pacific Standard Time: Art in
Los Angeles 1945-1980” regional initiative, led by the Getty Foundation, brought cultural
organizations throughout southern California together from 2011-2012 to present a series
of exhibitions featuring works of art and architecture created in Los Angeles during the
post–World War II period. More than 60 cultural institutions and more than 70 galleries in
Southern California held a variety of coordinated exhibitions in a six-month period. These
exhibitions covered a range of media and movements in a collaborative effort to document
and share the birth of the art scene in Los Angeles. Pacific Standard Time achieved
historic cultural results by uniting an unprecedented network of partners, attracting visitors
and attention worldwide, and reframing how art and design made in Los Angeles are
viewed, contemplated, and understood. The initiative infused a greater sense of pride into
the regional identity. Further, its economic effect included $280.5 million in revenues, 2,490
jobs, and $19.4 million in tax revenues for state and local governments.3
Invest in People
In a nation stratified by an alarming and widening income gap, educating a creative
workforce is a great equalizer. By developing their innate creativity and talent, young people
with disadvantaged backgrounds can more readily advance themselves and their families
socioeconomically. Art and design colleges such as the Otis College of Art and Design and
Maryland Institute College of Art in Baltimore offer abundant evidence that graduates who
are first-time college attendees in their families can help the creative economy thrive. Equitable
and inclusive investment in arts education and creative jobs and enterprises can lead to
opportunities that activate the natural strengths of a diverse workforce.
Invest Together
A coalition composed of diverse sectors should invest in the creative economy because
of a common stake in the outcome. Companies want a first-rate workforce and an abundant
supply of innovators; federal, state, county, and city governments want more businesses,
tourists, jobs, and revenue; philanthropic organizations hope to see an increasingly equitable,
sustainable, and healthy society; academia and nonprofit organizations strive to fulfill
their educational and service missions, and they share similar goals; and, last but not least,
independent entrepreneurs and creative professionals relish a supportive and fertile environment
in which their ideas and practices can flourish.
The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development’s “Creative Economy
Report 2010” effectively summarizes creativity’s return on investment: “Adequately nurtured,
creativity fuels culture, infuses a human-centred [sic] development and constitutes the key
ingredient for job creation, innovation and trade while contributing to social inclusion,
cultural diversity and environmental sustainability.”4 Working together, we must value, integrate,
and invest in creative enterprises and professionals for effective social and economic
development. We must also invest in arts education and cultural participation to cultivate
talent in a sustained way. Our times mandate smart solutions. Creativity must be part of our
big picture.
1. Otis College of Art and Design, “2013 Otis Report on the Creative Economy Report of California and the Los
Angeles Region,” (Los Angeles, CA: Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation, February 2014).
http://www.otis.edu/sites/default/files/2013-Otis_Report_on_the_Creative_Economy-2.pdf.
2. Indirect output is created when firms in the creative industries make purchases from their suppliers and
vendors. Additional induced output is generated when direct and indirect employees spend their wages on
consumer goods and services.
3. Los Angeles County Development Corporation, “Pacific Standard Time: Art in Los Angeles 1945-1980/
Economic Impact Analysis.” (Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Development Corporation, September 2012).
4. United Nations, “Creative Economy Report 2010: Creative Economy—A Feasible Development Option.”
(New York, NY: United Nations, 2010).
Samuel Hoi is the president of Maryland Institute College of Art (MICA), the oldest continuously
degree-granting college of art in the United States. He is an advocate for art and design education, and
creative professionals as drivers in social, economic, and cultural advancement. Hoi was president of
Otis College of Art and Design, where he shepherded new academic initiatives involving innovative
partnerships and community engagement. He also launched the annual “Otis Report on the Creative
Economy of the Los Angeles Region,” which was recently expanded statewide in California. As former
dean of the Corcoran College of Art and Design, he created a visual arts outreach program that received
a Coming Up Taller Award from the President’s Committee on Arts and Humanities. In addition to
holding honorary doctorate degree from the Corcoran and Otis, he was decorated in 2006 by the French
government as an Officer of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques.