Community Development Working Papers
Working papers provide in-depth analysis of emerging community development issues from practitioners and scholars.
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The Economic Crisis and Community Development Finance: An Industry Assessment
Chairman Ben Bernanke, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System; Mark Pinsky, Opportunity Finance Network; Nancy Andrews, Low Income Investment Fund; Paul Weech, Innovative Housing Strategies, LLC; with Ellen Seidman, New America Foundation and ShoreBank; and Rick Cohen, Nonprofit Quarterly
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The Enduring Challenge of Concentrated Poverty in America: Case Study of Fresno, California
Naomi Cytron, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco
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The Geography of Foreclosure in Contra Costa County, California
Kristin L. Perkins
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Collaborators or Competitors? Exploring the Relationships between Community Development Financial Institutions and Conventional Lenders in Small Business Finance
Geoff Smith, Jennifer Newon, Sean Zielenbach, Sarah Duda
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Shifting Ground: Can Community Development Loan Funds Continue to Serve the Neediest Borrowers?
Julia Sass Rubin, Rutgers University
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Lending in Low- and Moderate-Income Neighborhoods in California: The Performance of CRA Lending During the Subprime Meltdown
Elizabeth Laderman and Carolina Reid, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco
The current scale of mortgage delinquencies and foreclosures—particularly in the subprime market—has sparked a renewed debate over the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) and the regulations governing home mortgage lending.
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Addressing the Prevalence of Real Estate Investments in the New Markets Tax Credit Program
Lauren Lambie-Hanson, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco
The New Markets Tax Credit (NMTC) program was created by Congress in December 2000, at the end of the Clinton administration. When initially passed, the program was to provide a total of $15 billion in tax credits between 2001 and 2007 to subsidize investments in businesses and real estate developments serving low-income communities.
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Charter School Facilities Finance: How CDFIs Created the Market, and How to Stimulate Future Growth
Annie Donovan, Chief Operating Officer, NCB Capital Impact
This working paper examines the role that Community Development Financial Institutions (CDFIs) play in supporting the successful growth of public charter schools.
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Paying For School: An Overview of Charter School Finance
Jonathan Kivell, Community Development Officer, United Bank
This paper examines the current state of the market for charter school finance and will focus specifically on programs and financing structures for school facilities.
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Going “De Novo:” Tapping into Emerging Markets at the Branch Level
Vivian Pacheco, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco
The financial services landscape of low-income communities is often dominated by “fringe” financial services, including check cashers, payday lenders and pawn shops. However, mainstream financial institutions are increasingly learning that there are “emerging markets” in low-income neighborhoods, and that opening a bank branch in an underserved area can translate into profitable business, not just Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) credit.